The Incorporation Transparency and Law Enforcement Assistance Act would require the States to obtain beneficial ownership information for the corporations formed under their laws, and to provide access to this information to law enforcement upon receipt of a subpoena or summons.

Currently, nearly two million corporations and limited liability companies (LLCs) are formed within the United States each year, but the States generally form these corporations without asking for the identity of the corporation’s beneficial owners, and the Senators argue that numerous law enforcement problems have resulted when some of these corporations have become involved with money laundering, tax evasion, or other misconduct.

“Criminals are hiding behind US corporations while committing all sorts of crimes – from terrorism to money laundering, fraud, and tax evasion,” stated Levin.

“Law enforcement has told us for years that they need the names of the true owners behind a corporation to find out who is responsible for the illicit activity, but they can’t get it, because the States don’t bother to ask. The bill we are introducing...will strike a blow against corporate secrecy, strengthen law enforcement, and curb the misuse of US corporations.”

“Criminal activities that exploit the lack of transparency in US corporation registrations are more costly than ever,” added Coleman. “As our work on the Subcommittee has shown again and again, law enforcement has been frustrated by the ability of money launderers and tax cheats to hide behind privately-held corporations and LLCs. This bill will shed light on these illegal activities, in a fair and reasonable manner that does not burden the states with an unfunded mandate and protects individual privacy.”

“It is unacceptable for American companies to be used by criminals and terrorists as shields for tax evasion, terror financing, and financial crimes," noted Obama. "We must ensure our law enforcement agencies have the ability to properly investigate any financial criminal wrongdoing. This important legislation promotes transparency, fairness, and public safety, and sheds light on the people behind corporate entities so that criminal and terrorist activities can be deterred or detected more effectively.”

The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations has been pursuing this issue since 2000, when Levin requested the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to conduct an investigation into an individual who set up over 2,000 Delaware shell companies and then established bank accounts for those companies, without revealing their identities, moving USD1.4bn dollars through the bank accounts.

In April 2006, the GAO prepared another report in response to a Levin-Coleman request entitled, “Company Formations: Minimal Ownership Information Is Collected and Available.”

This GAO report reviewed the legal requirements in all 50 states to set up corporations and LLCs, found that most states failed to request beneficial ownership information, and reported that the absence of this ownership information impeded law enforcement investigations of suspect corporations.

In November 2006, the Subcommittee held a hearing in which the GAO report was released, and officials from the Department of Justice (DOJ), the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and the Treasury Department’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) testified about an increase in the use of US shell companies for illicit activities, and the problems caused by the lack of beneficial ownership information.

According to the Senators, the Subcommittee has collected numerous examples of these law enforcement problems, including the following:

• Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) reported that a Nevada-based corporation received more than 3,700 suspicious wire transfers totaling USD81mn over 2 years. The case was not prosecuted, however, because ICE was unable to identify the corporation’s owners.
• FinCEN found that, between April 1996 and January 2004, financial institutions filed 397 suspicious activity reports, involving a total of almost USD4bn, US shell companies, East European countries, and US bank accounts.
• The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reported that US shell companies are being used to launder as much as USD36bn from the former Soviet Union. The FBI also reported that they have 103 open cases investigating market manipulation, most of which involve US shell companies.
• The IRS described a scheme involving three individuals who set up US shell companies to conceal nearly USD9mn in taxable income in secret accounts in the Turks and Caicos Islands and other foreign countries.
• The DOJ reported that Russian officials used shell companies in Pennsylvania and Delaware to unlawfully divert USD15mn in international aid intended to upgrade the safety of former Soviet nuclear power plants.
• On 22nd April, 2008, in response to a written question by Senator Levin, Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff wrote that: “In countless investigations, where the criminal targets utilize shell corporations, the lack of law enforcement’s ability to gain access to true beneficial ownership information slows, confuses or impedes the efforts by investigators to follow criminal proceeds.”

In July 2006, the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering, which is the leading international organization combating money laundering, issued a report criticizing the United States for failing to comply with a FATF standard requiring beneficial ownership information to be obtained, and urging the United States to correct this deficiency by July 2008.

In response, the United States has repeatedly urged the States to strengthen their incorporation practices by obtaining beneficial ownership information for the corporations and LLCs formed under their laws. The Senators observed that the States, however, have not changed their incorporation practices.

“US corporations are getting a bad name, not only because they are being used to commit crimes, but because US law enforcement can’t find out who owns them,” stated Levin.

“Right now, a person forming a US corporation typically provides less information to a State than is needed to obtain a bank account or driver’s license. That doesn’t make sense, and it invites misuse of US corporations. It’s time for the United States to meet its international anti-money laundering commitments, and that means getting beneficial ownership information for US corporations.”

The Incorporation Transparency and Law Enforcement Assistance Act would:

• Require the States to obtain a list of the beneficial owners of each corporation or limited liability company (LLC) formed under their laws, ensure this information is updated annually, and provide the information to civil or criminal law enforcement upon receipt of a subpoena or summons.
• Require corporations and LLCs with non-US beneficial owners to provide a certification from an in-state formation agent that the agent has verified the identity of those owners.
• Establish civil and criminal penalties under federal law for persons who knowingly provide false beneficial ownership information or intentionally fail to provide required beneficial ownership information to a State.
• Provide exemptions for certain corporations, including publicly traded corporations and the corporations and LLCs they form, since the Securities and Exchange Commission already oversees them; and corporations which a State has determined, with concurrence from the Homeland Security and Justice Departments, should be exempt because requiring beneficial ownership information from them would not serve the public interest or assist law enforcement.
• Authorize States to use an existing DHS grant program, and authorize DHS to use already appropriated funds, to meet the requirements of this Act.
• Clarify that nothing in the Act authorizes DHS to withhold funds from a State for failing to comply with the beneficial ownership requirements. Require a GAO report by 2012 identifying which States are not in compliance so that a future Congress can determine at that time what steps to take.
• Give the States until October 2011 to require beneficial ownership information for the corporations and LLCs formed under their laws.
• Require the Treasury Secretary to issue a rule requiring formation agents to establish anti-money laundering programs to ensure they are not forming US corporations or other entities for criminals or other suspect persons.
• Require GAO to complete a study of State beneficial ownership information requirements for in-state partnerships and trusts.